networking basic concepts

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Ubuntu Web Server Configuration with phpMyAdmin (LAMP Stack) |   July 12, 2021

    Ubuntu Server is one of the most popular open source operating systems that can be used in production without any hassle. In my previous article, I discussed how to install Ubuntu Server with LVM partition. I also discussed how to assign static IP address on Ubuntu Server interface with Netplan network management tool. Ubuntu web server is a popular service because web developers usually use Ubuntu Server for their development project. Besides development project, Ubuntu web server can also be [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot HTTPS Redirect with Free SSL Certificate |   June 21, 2020

    SSL Certificate is required to enable HTTPS Login and HTTPS Redirect in MikroTik Hotspot. In one of my last articles I discussed how to configure MikroTik Hotspot HTTPS redirect and HTTPS login with MikroTik self-signed certificate. But self-signed certificate is not trusted by operating system. So, we get the following two issues if we configure HTTPS Login and HTTPS Redirect with self-signed certificate. Ask to proceed unsafe site: As browsers cannot trust self-signed certificate, it shows a warning message and [...]

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    Managing Disk Partition with the parted Tool in CentOS 7 |   March 2, 2019

    As a system administrator, sometimes you may require to manage partitions of your CentOS/Red Hat Linux Operating System. Partition management is always a risky task. But there are some useful tools those are so helpful to manage CentOS/Red Hat Linux disk partition easily. In my previous article, I discussed how to manage CentOS/Red Hat 7 HDD partitions with the fdisk utility. The fdisk tool is only eligible to manage MBR partition table. But GPT partition table is now becoming more [...]

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    MikroTik PCC Load Balancing over Unequal Dual WAN Links |   June 12, 2018

    Hi, you are here means you are finding a Load Balancing and Link Redundancy solution with Unequal WAN links in your MikroTik Router. If so, it is your right place. In my previous article I discussed how to configure a Dual WAN Load Balancing and Link Redundancy network using PCC method but it was assumed that both WAN links have equal bandwidth. But in real situation, you may have unequal WAN links such as ISP1 may have 10MB bandwidth and [...]

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    MikroTik Router Web Proxy Configuration |   August 28, 2016

    A Proxy Server is usually placed between users and the internet so that the proxy server can track the activities of any user. Formerly, a proxy server was mainly used for caching the static content of any web server because the internet speed was too slow. So, users would get high speed for browsing as if they were browsing a local server. But nowadays the internet bandwidth has increased. So, the proxy server is usually not used for web caching [...]

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    Enable F8 Menu to Enter Safe Mode in Windows 8 & 10 |   August 27, 2015

    Windows is the most popular operating system in the world. No computer user can go a single day without windows operating system. As windows is a popular operating system, it has a lot of viruses also. But windows provides various tools for removing these viruses. For removing any unwanted program, windows safe mode is a best option. A popular way to open windows safe mode is windows Advanced Boot Options. Advanced Boot Options provides different run levels for windows users so [...]

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    CAPsMAN Channel Planning with Non-Overlapping Frequency |   March 16, 2020

    MikroTik CAPsMAN is an excellent application for managing multiple CAPs (Controlled Access Point) in a Wireless Network. But multiple APs create frequency overlapping issue if channels are not configured properly. Channel overlapping is required for smooth connection while roaming but there should not be frequency overlapping because frequency overlapping makes wireless performance so poor. In my previous article, I discussed MikroTik CAPsMAN basic configuration with default channel configuration. In this article, I will discuss how to configure CAPsMAN channel to [...]

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    FreeRADIUS User Profile Configuration for MikroTik Router |   January 10, 2019

    FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS application that accepts a large number of network devices as RADIUS Client including MikroTik Router. FreeRADIUS MySQL module helps to get user authentication and authorization information from database server and to store user accounting information in database server. Configuring MySQL user group and profile properly, freeRADIUS user restriction can easily be maintained. How to configure user group to apply user limitation was discussed in my previous article. In this article, I will discuss how [...]

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