networking tutorials

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    How to Block VPN Access with MikroTik Router |   May 14, 2019

    Sometimes system administrators create firewall rule to block unwanted websites. But VPN apps break these firewall rules and allow access to unwanted websites. For example, if Facebook is blocked with MikroTik Firewall and any expert user installs and enables VPN apps (such as OpenVPN, Hotspot Shield, ProtonVPN, NordVPN, PureVPN etc.), he can easily get access to Facebook. So, system administrators should also block popular VPN apps so that user cannot use those VPN servers. Blocking VPN apps is not so [...]

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    MikroTik VPN Configuration with Site-to-Site PPTP |   February 19, 2018

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network and using this VPN tunnel a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik PPTP is a popular client-server VPN service that provides a secure and encrypted link across public network. MikroTik PPTP can be applied in two methods. Connecting remote workstation/client: In this [...]

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    Mikrotik Router Basic Configuration Using Winbox |   August 24, 2015

    MikroTik is one of the most popular routers. MikroTik Router has a lot of networking services that help to build a stable and smooth network so easily. It is said that any ISP Company or any Enterprise Office cannot go a single day without MikroTik Router. So, system administrators who are not using MikroTik Router yet, they will soon start using MikroTik Router, I think. As a system administrator, I am also using MikroTik Router about 5 years in my network [...]

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    MikroTik Send Browsing Log to Remote Syslog Server |   August 18, 2019

    MikroTik RouterOS is capable of logging various system events as well as user browsing information. Logs can be saved in router’s memory (RAM), disk, file, sent by email or even sent to remote syslog server. Sometimes it may require saving user browsing log by the law. So, a syslog server is an essential part to any network. In this article, I will discuss how to configure MikroTik Router to keep user browsing log and send that log to remote syslog [...]

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    Ubuntu Server 20.04 Installation with LVM |   May 28, 2021

    Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Ubuntu is one of the best stable Linux distributions. Ubuntu has both Desktop and Server distribution. Ubuntu Server is a high performance and stable enterprise Linux distribution and it can be easily used in production. Ubuntu Server has both community-support and well documentation. So, IT guys can use Ubuntu [...]

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    MikroTik Router Bandwidth Management |   September 3, 2015

    MikroTik is one of the most popular routers in computer networking. It is said that no office or ISP company cannot go a single day without MikroTik router. MikroTik router is also a popular router to any network administrator because MikroTik router is easily maintainable with graphical user interface software named winbox than other routers. A lot of services are available in MikroTik router to run a network smoothly. Among these services, Bandwidth Management Service is the most popular service in [...]

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    OpenVPN Client Configuration in Windows 10/11 |   June 29, 2022

    OpenVPN is an excellent VPN solution for transmitting data securely over public network. Configuring an OpenVPN Server either on MikroTik RouterOS or Ubuntu Server, we can access local servers or devices from remote place using Windows 10/11, Android or MacOS.  How to configure OpenVPN Server in Ubuntu Server was discussed in the previous article. In that article, I also discussed how to create a new OpenVPN client (for Windows OS) who will be able to connect the OpenVPN Server. So, [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot HTTPS Redirect and HTTPS Login Setup |   May 24, 2020

    MikroTik Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik Router. It is a policy to authorize network clients before to access local network resources as well as public network resources through MikroTik Router. In my previous article I discussed MikroTik Hotspot Configuration using Winbox. But default MikroTik Hotspot configuration faces HTTPS Redirect and HTTPS Login issues. To solve these issues, MikroTik Hotspot HTTPS configuration is required. So, in this article I will discuss how to configure MikroTik Hotspot [...]

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