networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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Reset Mozilla Firefox to Default Settings | August 26, 2015
Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed Mozilla Corporation. Mozilla Firefox is available for most of the popular operating system like Windows, macOS and Linux operating system. It is also a default web browser in Linux operating system. Mozilla Firefox is a popular web browser to any online user. It is said that no online user can go a single day without this Browser. I am also a fan of Mozilla Firefox browser and using this [...]
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MikroTik Site to Site GRE Tunnel Configuration with IPsec | March 26, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure tunnel across a public network. A private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network using VPN Tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik provides GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnel that is used to create a site to site VPN tunnel. GRE tunneling protocol which can encapsulate a wide variety of protocols creating a virtual point-to-point link was [...]
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Install MikroTik RouterOS on PC | June 13, 2016
MikroTik is a popular and mostly used router worldwide because of having a lot of networking functionalities and its cheap price. If we buy a MikroTik Routerboard (like MikroTik Routerboard 450G, MikroTik Routerboard 1100 AH etc.), we will find a machine where MikroTik RouterOS is prebuilt but the machine contains limited processing resources such as limited RAM and limited processor core. So, our network could be slow if you use a MikroTik RouterBoard for maintaining a large network. On the [...]
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How to Create Free SSL/TLS Certificate with OpenSSL | July 23, 2021
SSL/TLS certificate is required to encrypt data sent over internet communication. Without encryption, the sent data can be hacked by the middle man attack. SSL/TLS certificate is usually a pair key, public key and private key, solution where data is encrypted with public key and decrypted with private key. In public communication, public key is required to be signed by a CA (certificate authority) but in private communication, there is no need to be signed by any CA. If we [...]
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MikroTik Unequal Dual WAN Load Balancing with Failover using ECMP | September 15, 2019
MikroTik Router is capable of doing Load Balancing with Failover over multiple gateways. Policy Based Routing, ECMP, PCC and NTH Load Balancing are the popular load balancing methods in MikroTik Router. Among these methods, ECMP is so easy to configure and provides almost 100% load balancing and link redundancy solution. In my previous article, I discussed how to configure Load Balancing and Link Redundancy using ECMP over two equal bandwidth gateways. ECMP method is also capable of doing load balancing [...]
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MikroTik WebProxy Log Analyzer Configuration | August 30, 2016
MikroTik RouterOS generally logs various system events and status information. Logs are mainly saved in router’s memory (RAM) or disk. MikroTik logs can also be sent by email or even can be sent to a remote syslog server. All logs those are saved in router’s local memory can be viewed from Log menu. Any log entry that is saved in local memory contains time and date when event occurred, topics that this message belongs to and message itself. But local [...]
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CentOS 8 Networking Configuration Using nmtui Tool | December 14, 2020
The first task after completing CentOS 8 fresh installation is to configure its networking so that it can be accessed from other network devices. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 8 Graphical User Interface (GNOME Desktop) with step by step screenshots. If you are a new CentOS 8 user and have not yet installed CentOS 8 on your server machine, feel free to follow that article and install CentOS 8 GNOME Desktop according to the article. [...]
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Enable F8 Menu to Enter Safe Mode in Windows 8 & 10 | August 27, 2015
Windows is the most popular operating system in the world. No computer user can go a single day without windows operating system. As windows is a popular operating system, it has a lot of viruses also. But windows provides various tools for removing these viruses. For removing any unwanted program, windows safe mode is a best option. A popular way to open windows safe mode is windows Advanced Boot Options. Advanced Boot Options provides different run levels for windows users so [...]
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