networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Install Discord on Ubuntu 24.04 | July 28, 2024
Discord is a popular communication platform designed for creating communities and bringing people together through text, voice, and video chat. Originally created for gamers, Discord has expanded to encompass a wide range of communities beyond gaming, including hobbyists, professionals, study groups, and more. There are several methods of installing Discord on Ubuntu 24.04. We will be covering the easiest method for demonstration which is from the snap store. Following are the step-by-step commands to install Discord on Ubuntu 24.04. Install [...]
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Getting Started with Red Hat Linux | May 20, 2017
Red Hat Linux is an open source server operating system. Although open source Red Hat is a commercial Linux distribution. So, most of the Linux administrators use CentOS because CentOS is a free and open source, enterprise-class and community-supported server platform as well as it is functionally compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. In my previous article, I showed how to install CentOS 7 core packages in your server machine. Today I will introduce you with Red Hat Linux’s command [...]
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MikroTik EoIP Tunnel for Bridging LANs over the Internet | April 22, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure tunnel across a public network. A private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network using VPN Tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik provides EoIP (Ethernet over IP) that is used to create a site to site VPN tunnel. EoIP tunneling is a MikroTik RouterOS protocol that creates an Ethernet tunnel between two MikroTik Routers on top [...]
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How to Assign Static IP Address in Windows OS | September 16, 2015
Communication between one computer to another computer or server is established with IP addresses. Without IP address no communication is possible in computer network. An Internet Protocol (IP) Address is a numerical value or label assigned to each electronic device (e.g., computer, smartphone and printer) which uses Internet Protocol for communication. IP can be assigned both dynamically and statically on a IP devices. Dynamic IP is assigned by a DHCP server. If a DHCP server is present in a network, [...]
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MikroTik DHCP Server Configuration with Radius Server | January 24, 2018
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client-server protocol that is used to assign an IP address and other network configuration parameters dynamically to each device on a network so that they can communicate with other IP networks. DHCP Server is popularly used in an Enterprise Office Network because in an office network various types of IP devices such as Laptop, Desktop, Tablet, Smartphone, IP Phone and so on are maintained and almost all IP devices support DHCP. An ISP Network can also be [...]
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How to Install Extra Packages in MikroTik RouterOS | October 10, 2019
MikroTik RouterOS does not always include all the packages those are developed by MikroTik team. So, sometimes you may find that some packages are missing in your RouterOS such as NTP package, DUDE package, Wireless package, CAPsMAN package and so on. Specially, user manager package which is totally a separate MikroTik RADIUS package used to manage user authentication, authorization and accounting is always missing. Also upgrading RouterOS or downgrading RouterOS you may find that some packages are missing there. So, [...]
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MikroTik DNS Client and Caching DNS Server Configuration | April 7, 2019
Domain Name Server (DNS) is an essential part in a computer network. Today web communication cannot imagine without DNS. DNS is a client server protocol where DNS Client requests for the domain name resolution and DNS Server response on it. MikroTik Router has both DNS Client and DNS Server features. The DNS Client is used to resolve domain name to IP address from a DNS Server. On the other hand, the DNS Server feature provides domain name resolution for the [...]
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MikroTik Winbox 4: New, Fast and Simple RouterOS GUI | September 16, 2024
MikroTik Winbox 4 is a new era of MikroTik network management. Winbox 4 is a new, fast and simple RouterOS GUI. Winbox 4 has a modern and intuitive Graphical User Interface which is preferred and loved by the MikroTik network engineer to manage RouterOS. MikroTik Winbox 4 is now available for download and can be download for Windows, Linux and macOS. Winbox 4 has new features which was absent in previous Winbox version. In this article, we will see how [...]
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