networking basic concepts

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot Configuration in RouterOS 7 |   April 25, 2023

    MikroTik Hotspot is an awesome service to run a captive portal network. You can run a public Wi-Fi network, Hotel Network, Airport network, CAMP Wi-Fi network, Shopping Mall Network and so on using MikroTik Hotspot and even can monetize your network for earning if you use Hotspot Billing Software like GalaxyRAD which is specially designed for MikroTik Hotspot network. GalaxyRAD helps to monetize your any network providing online payment gateway as well as integrating voucher-based system. It also helps to [...]

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    How to Get Free SSL Certificate from ZeroSSL |   June 13, 2020

    SSL/TLS certificate is an essential part in today internet communication. Online communication cannot imagine without SSL/TLS certificate. SSL/TLS certificate makes online communication secure by encrypting data transmitted over public internet. So, most of the applications (Web, Email and VPN services) those transmit data over public internet use SSL/TLS certificate to secure communication. SSL/TLS certificate requires to be signed by Certificate Authority (CA). It is possible to create self-signed certificate with SSL certificate creation tools such as OpenSSL. Some router venders [...]

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    How to Get VMware ESXi Free License |   November 5, 2021

    You are here that means you are finding how to get ESXi free license because you have installed ESXi 6.7 or ESXi 7 and 60 days trial license has been expired and then all virtual machines have been powered off or you want to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. Whatever your requirement, it is a good news that VMware provides free license with some limitations to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. So, if you have a [...]

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    Red Hat/CentOS 7 Linux Installation (Minimal Packages) |   April 18, 2017

    Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Red Hat Linux is used as enterprise Linux. Red Hat is also known as Red Hat commercial Linux that means Red Hat is a paid service program. CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is another Linux distribution that provides a free and open source, enterprise-class, community-supported server platform functionally [...]

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    Ubuntu Web Server Configuration with phpMyAdmin (LAMP Stack) |   July 12, 2021

    Ubuntu Server is one of the most popular open source operating systems that can be used in production without any hassle. In my previous article, I discussed how to install Ubuntu Server with LVM partition. I also discussed how to assign static IP address on Ubuntu Server interface with Netplan network management tool. Ubuntu web server is a popular service because web developers usually use Ubuntu Server for their development project. Besides development project, Ubuntu web server can also be [...]

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    CentOS 8 Installation with Screenshots (Server with GUI) |   November 21, 2020

    Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Red Hat Linux is used as enterprise Linux. Red Hat is also known as Red Hat commercial Linux that means Red Hat is a paid service program. CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is another Linux distribution that provides a free and open source, enterprise-class, community-supported server platform functionally compatible with [...]

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    MikroTik VPN Configuration with PPTP (Connecting Remote Client) |   August 17, 2016

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that extends private network across a public network. It enables private network users to send and receive data across public network as if their network devices were directly connected to the private network. MikroTik Router provides a lot of VPN services. Among them, MikroTik PPTP is the mostly used VPN service. It is a client-server VPN. So, a user can access server, printer, IP phone and any other network devices of any private [...]

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    Install MikroTik RouterOS on PC |   June 13, 2016

    MikroTik is a popular and mostly used router because of having a lot of networking functionalities and cheap price. MikroTik router can be found both Router Board and MikroTik OS. If you buy a MikroTik Routerboard (like MikroTik Routerboard 450G, MikroTik Routerboard 1100 AH), you will find a machine where MikroTik OS is prebuilt but the machine contains limited processing resources such as limited RAM and limited processor core. So, your network could be slow if you use a MikroTik [...]

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