physical network topology
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Computer Network Topology Outline
The first thing that has to study about a network is its physical shape or design layout. It will be extremely important when a wiring scheme and design are selected for a new network installation. Actually Network Topology refers to physical shape or design layout of a network. Network topology determines how different nodes in a network are connected and how these nodes communicate to each other. Types of Computer Network Topology Network really has two shapes or two types of topology. Physical topology Logical topology Physical Topologies The physical topology is the physical shape or layout of the wires that can be visible in a network. The Physical topology defines how devices are interconnected with or without wires. Physical topology is further divided into two sections. Point-to-point connections Multipoint connections Point-to-point connections In a point-to-point connection, a communication link is established between two devices with one wire or air (in the case of wireless). A simple example of point-to- point connection is talking over telephone between two persons where anyone else is not allowed to use the phone on either side. Multipoint Connection Multiple devices or machines are involved in a multipoint connection. These devices mainly share cabling but [...]
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Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking | October 14, 2025
Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]
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VLAN Routing Configuration between MikroTik RouterOS | September 27, 2018
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical topology that divides a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. It increases network security and performance as well as improves network efficiency. MikroTik VLAN routing configuration with manageable switch was discussed in previous article. Today we will learn how to configure VLAN between MikroTik RouterOS. This Router to router VLAN (layer3 VLAN) is useful when any ISP provide connection to one or more local ISPs who use MikroTik Router to maintain [...]
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MikroTik VLAN Routing Configuration with Manageable Switch | July 11, 2018
A VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a group of computers, servers, network printers and other network devices that behave as if they were connected to a single network. VLAN is a logical topology that divides a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. VLAN is a layer 2 method. So, a manageable switch is required to manage VLAN in your network and a router is required to route and control your inter-VLAN. VLAN increases network security and performance as well as [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Login Page with Random MAC Detection | October 5, 2025
Hotspot businesses such as cafés, restaurants, co-working spaces, schools, and ISPs often rely on MikroTik Hotspot solutions to provide Wi-Fi access. One common challenge is that many modern devices (Android, iOS, Windows, macOS) use randomized (private) MAC addresses, which can cause repeated logins, loss of session persistence, and difficulties with usage tracking. To solve this problem, we have designed a professional Hotspot Login Page Template that not only looks modern and mobile-friendly but also detects randomized MAC addresses and notifies [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Setup with Radius Server (User Manager) | January 6, 2018
Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik Router. It is popularly used in Hotel and Restaurant, Railway Station or Airport, School or University Campus and so on. Even ISP network and office network also use MikroTik Hotspot for authenticating network clients/users. Hotspot user can be managed with Hotspot’s local user database or with a Radius Server. Radius Server gives facility to manage Hotspot user’s bandwidth and accounting easily and centrally. So, Hotspot setup with Radius Server can [...]
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MikroTik Radius Configuration with FreeRADIUS | December 7, 2018
FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS suite that provides authentication, authorization and accounting facility for a large number of network devices including MikroTik Router. Although MikroTik has user manager RADIUS service to provide authentication, authorization and accounting facility but it is not free for customization and not suitable for medium to large organization. On the other hand, freeRADIUS is free for customization according to your organization requirements. But freeRADIUS has to be customized by you. In my previous article, I [...]
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MikroTik CAPsMAN and CAP Basic Configuration using Winbox | February 20, 2020
MikroTik CAPsMAN (Controlled Access Point system Manager) is a centralized Access Point management application provided by MikroTik. MikroTik introduces CAPsMAN from RouterOS v6.11 with CAPsMAN v1 and from RouterOS v6.22rc7 CAPsMAN v2 is running. If you have multiple MikroTik CAPs (Controlled Access Point) in your organization, CAPsMAN provides an easy way to maintain client data as well as CAPs configuration centrally. In my previous article, I discussed how to configure MikroTik Wireless Router as an Access Point. In this article, [...]
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Ubuntu Server 20.04 Installation with LVM | May 28, 2021
Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Ubuntu is one of the best stable Linux distributions. Ubuntu has both Desktop and Server distribution. Ubuntu Server is a high performance and stable enterprise Linux distribution and it can be easily used in production. Ubuntu Server has both community-support and well documentation. So, IT guys can use Ubuntu [...]
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How to Block VPN Access with MikroTik Router | May 14, 2019
Sometimes system administrators create firewall rule to block unwanted websites. But VPN apps break these firewall rules and allow access to unwanted websites. For example, if Facebook is blocked with MikroTik Firewall and any expert user installs and enables VPN apps (such as OpenVPN, Hotspot Shield, ProtonVPN, NordVPN, PureVPN etc.), he can easily get access to Facebook. So, system administrators should also block popular VPN apps so that user cannot use those VPN servers. Blocking VPN apps is not so [...]
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