networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Bind Hotspot User to MAC and Static IP in MikroTik | November 6, 2020
MikroTik Hotspot is usually a user based Hotspot access controlling system. Internet access and bandwidth can easily be maintained with Hotspot user based system. But sometimes we may require more control on Hotspot system which is not possible only username based system. So, we may need to bind hotspot user to MAC and static IP address. If we can bind hotspot user to static IP address, it is easy to control Hotspot users with MikroTik Router and Firewall. So, in [...]
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How to Block WiFi Access although Password is Known | April 23, 2024
We usually get internet connection from any ISP and buy any WiFi Router and then configure wireless/AP with password and configure DHCP Server to get connection from own WiFi devices. We use these WiFi Routers/APs at home, office, workspace or any other public places. Usually, we get connected to our WiFi using our provided WiFi password. Initially there will be no problem to keep your network safe using password authentication. But day by day your password will be known by [...]
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CAPsMAN Channel Planning with Non-Overlapping Frequency | March 16, 2020
MikroTik CAPsMAN is an excellent application for managing multiple CAPs (Controlled Access Point) in a Wireless Network. But multiple APs create frequency overlapping issue if channels are not configured properly. Channel overlapping is required for smooth connection while roaming but there should not be frequency overlapping because frequency overlapping makes wireless performance so poor. In my previous article, I discussed MikroTik CAPsMAN basic configuration with default channel configuration. In this article, I will discuss how to configure CAPsMAN channel to [...]
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How to Block a Phone from WiFi Router | May 8, 2024
We usually buy a WiFi Router from market and configure SSID and password to access it. We also configure DHCP Server so that whenever a phone or IP device gets connected to this SSID with the password, the device can get an IP address automatically and can get internet access. It is not possible to secure the WiFi Network keeping only the password authentication method. Because the password can be shared by the users or can be hacked easily. So, [...]
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CentOS 7.5 Installation with GUI and LVM Partition | March 7, 2019
Red Hat/CentOS Linux is a popular server operating system. Specially who work on mail server, web server, web proxy server, ftp server and file server are so familiar with the Red Hat/CentOS Linux. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 7.5 Linux step by step with the standard partition. But if you want to work on mail server, web proxy server, ftp server, file server or any other application where disk space changes frequently, the standard partitioning [...]
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Setting Google as Default Search Engine | September 30, 2015
Google is one of the most popular search engines to any online user. It is said that no online user cannot go a single day without Google search engine. Google search statistics shows that over 40,000 search queries are processed every second by Google. If you have any query about any subject, just type in Google search box and Google will show you billion of results related to your search query within less than a second. So, usually you will want [...]
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How to Get VMware ESXi Free License | November 5, 2021
You are here that means you are finding how to get ESXi free license because you have installed ESXi 6.7 or ESXi 7 and 60 days trial license has been expired and then all virtual machines have been powered off or you want to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. Whatever your requirement, it is a good news that VMware provides free license with some limitations to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. So, if you have a [...]
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How to Customize MikroTik Hotspot Login Page | September 12, 2020
MikroTik Hotspot is an awesome service that can be customized according to any organization need. MikroTik Hotspot is able to authenticate and authorize network users so easily. Besides premium Hotspot service, it can also be used as a public Hotspot network. Although public network is a free network service, it can be a better source of income by serving ads. As no user can get internet access without visiting Hotspot login page, the login page is main space for serving [...]
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