networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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MikroTik L2TP/IPsec VPN Configuration (Connecting Remote Client) | February 26, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network and using this VPN tunnel a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik L2TP server is one of the most popular VPN services. It provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across public network for transporting IP traffic using PPP. L2TP/IPsec is more secure [...]
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VLAN Routing Configuration between MikroTik RouterOS | September 27, 2018
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical topology that divides a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. It increases network security and performance as well as improves network efficiency. MikroTik VLAN routing configuration with manageable switch was discussed in previous article. Today we will learn how to configure VLAN between MikroTik RouterOS. This Router to router VLAN (layer3 VLAN) is useful when any ISP provide connection to one or more local ISPs who use MikroTik Router to maintain [...]
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HTTP vs. HTTPS: The Impact Of Using SSL Certificates | November 29, 2021
Google and cybersecurity experts continue to make clarion calls to web admins and website owners to switch from HTTP to HTTPS. But is there any difference between the two other than the extra “S” at the end of HTTPS? Not everyone understands the differences between HTTP and HTTPS and why the difference is so significant. In this post, we will discuss the differences between HTTP and HTTPS, the reasons why you need to switch from HTTP to HTTPS, and the [...]
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How to Get VMware ESXi Free License | November 5, 2021
You are here that means you are finding how to get ESXi free license because you have installed ESXi 6.7 or ESXi 7 and 60 days trial license has been expired and then all virtual machines have been powered off or you want to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. Whatever your requirement, it is a good news that VMware provides free license with some limitations to use VMware ESXi absolutely free of charge. So, if you have a [...]
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How to Assign VMware ESXi License Key | December 4, 2021
No doubt VMware is the pioneer in virtualization world. VMware can be used either premium or free based on licensing. In the previous article, I discussed how to install VMware ESXi on a physical server or machine and then I also discussed how to get VMware ESXi free license from VMware website. Getting VMware ESXi license key either premium or free, we may sometimes get confused how to assign the license key in VMware ESXi host. So, in this article [...]
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MikroTik User Management (RouterOS User) | October 22, 2017
MikroTik User Management plays an important role in MikroTik system administration as well as MikroTik security. Don’t be confused the title User Management with the MikroTik UserManager. UserManager is an optional and totally separate package distributed by MikroTik. UserManager is an implementation of Radius server that is used to maintain not only RouterOS users but also PPPoE, PPTP, Hotspot, Wireless and DHCP users. In my few future articles, I will discuss how to maintain these users with MikroTik UserManager Radius [...]
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System Restore in Windows 10 | August 30, 2015
Windows is the most popular operating system in the world. No computer user can go a single day without windows operating system. As windows is a popular and mostly used operating system, a lot of viruses or unwanted programs are creating everyday. So, you may face various unusual behavior in your windows operating system due to various virus attack or unwanted programs installation. But windows has integrated a lot features which help to prevent these unwanted programs and keep your [...]
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IP Based Virtual Hosting on CentOS 7 with Apache Server | July 18, 2019
Virtual Hosting is a method of hosting multiple domains on single web server. If you have multiple domains (such as domain1.com, domain2.com and so on) and want to host on single web server, Virtual Web Hosting is your right choice. Apache web server provides an easy way to manage Virtual Hosting. Virtual Hosting can be either Name Based or IP Based. In Name Based Virtual Hosting, multiple domains can be hosted on single IP address. On the other hand, in [...]
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