networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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OpenVPN Configuration over Port 443 on Ubuntu Linux | June 20, 2022
OpenVPN provides a secure and encrypted VPN tunnel across public network. Unlike PPTP and L2TP VPN Services which can be blocked, OpenVPN can highly be customized and even can be run over so popular TCP Port 443. So, OpenVPN cannot easily be blocked. OpenVPN uses SSL/TLS Certificates. So, OpenVPN Tunnel is a trusted tunnel to send and receive data across public network. OpenVPN Server can easily install on Ubuntu Server. Installing OpenVPN Server on Ubuntu Server, we can connect Windows, [...]
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Latest Google Chrome Free Download and Install | August 23, 2015
Google Chrome is one of the most popular web browsers to any online user. Google Chrome is a free application by Google. So, you can download and install Google Chrome in your operating system at any time. Google Chrome is too easy to use and bug is so less. Google Chrome has an awesome look and a lot of functionalities which help to use Google Chrome so easily. It is said that any online user cannot go a single day without Google [...]
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VLAN Routing Configuration between MikroTik RouterOS | September 27, 2018
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical topology that divides a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. It increases network security and performance as well as improves network efficiency. MikroTik VLAN routing configuration with manageable switch was discussed in previous article. Today we will learn how to configure VLAN between MikroTik RouterOS. This Router to router VLAN (layer3 VLAN) is useful when any ISP provide connection to one or more local ISPs who use MikroTik Router to maintain [...]
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Linux Text Editor | September 7, 2017
Everything is file in Linux operating system. So, anyone who wants to work with Linux operating system (specially, Red Hat or CentOS) must learn how to edit files in Linux operating system. Because, it is always prefer to avoid graphical user interface (GUI) for changing system configuration parameters in Linux operating system unlike Windows operating system. You should be expert enough to edit any file in Red hat Linux operating system otherwise you will face a lot of difficulty to [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Free Trial Internet Setup | August 14, 2020
MikroTik Hotspot is an awesome Hotspot internet solution. It has a lot of features to customize any Hotspot service. Sometimes we may require providing free trial internet in a Hotspot service. MikroTik Hotspot provides easy solution to provide free trial internet to the new user before going to paid version. In my previous article I discussed how to configure MikroTik Hotspot using Winbox. In this article I will discuss how to configure free trial internet in MikroTik Hotspot Server. Free [...]
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FreeRADIUS MySQL Database GUI with phpMyAdmin on CentOS 7 | January 30, 2019
FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS Server that accepts a large number of networking devices as RADIUS Client including MikroTik Router. MySQL is one of the best user sources for freeRADIUS server. In my previous article, I discussed how to install freeRADIUS server on CentOS 7 and how to integrate MySQL module with freeRADIUS server. I also discussed how to create user group and profile in MySQL database server and authenticate MikroTik PPPoE client with MySQL database user. I used [...]
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CAPsMAN Channel Planning with Non-Overlapping Frequency | March 16, 2020
MikroTik CAPsMAN is an excellent application for managing multiple CAPs (Controlled Access Point) in a Wireless Network. But multiple APs create frequency overlapping issue if channels are not configured properly. Channel overlapping is required for smooth connection while roaming but there should not be frequency overlapping because frequency overlapping makes wireless performance so poor. In my previous article, I discussed MikroTik CAPsMAN basic configuration with default channel configuration. In this article, I will discuss how to configure CAPsMAN channel to [...]
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CentOS 7.5 Installation with GUI and LVM Partition | March 7, 2019
Red Hat/CentOS Linux is a popular server operating system. Specially who work on mail server, web server, web proxy server, ftp server and file server are so familiar with the Red Hat/CentOS Linux. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 7.5 Linux step by step with the standard partition. But if you want to work on mail server, web proxy server, ftp server, file server or any other application where disk space changes frequently, the standard partitioning [...]
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