networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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Setting Google as Default Search Engine | September 30, 2015
Google is one of the most popular search engines to any online user. It is said that no online user cannot go a single day without Google search engine. Google search statistics shows that over 40,000 search queries are processed every second by Google. If you have any query about any subject, just type in Google search box and Google will show you billion of results related to your search query within less than a second. So, usually you will want [...]
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Enable F8 Menu to Enter Safe Mode in Windows 8 & 10 | August 27, 2015
Windows is the most popular operating system in the world. No computer user can go a single day without windows operating system. As windows is a popular operating system, it has a lot of viruses also. But windows provides various tools for removing these viruses. For removing any unwanted program, windows safe mode is a best option. A popular way to open windows safe mode is windows Advanced Boot Options. Advanced Boot Options provides different run levels for windows users so [...]
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MikroTik DHCP Server Configuration in RouterOS 7 | October 14, 2015
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol. DHCP server automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) address and other related information such as subnet mask, default gateway and DNS to DHCP clients. DHCP server and client use UDP port 67 and 68 for communication. In a network, a DHCP client (IP devices such as Desktop, Laptop, Smartphone etc.) requests for an IP lease to DHCP servers and a DHCP server responses allocating IP address and other related IP information [...]
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MikroTik User Management (RouterOS User) | October 22, 2017
MikroTik User Management plays an important role in MikroTik system administration as well as MikroTik security. Don’t be confused the title User Management with the MikroTik UserManager. UserManager is an optional and totally separate package distributed by MikroTik. UserManager is an implementation of Radius server that is used to maintain not only RouterOS users but also PPPoE, PPTP, Hotspot, Wireless and DHCP users. In my few future articles, I will discuss how to maintain these users with MikroTik UserManager Radius [...]
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How to Bind Hotspot User to MAC and Static IP in MikroTik | November 6, 2020
MikroTik Hotspot is usually a user based Hotspot access controlling system. Internet access and bandwidth can easily be maintained with Hotspot user based system. But sometimes we may require more control on Hotspot system which is not possible only username based system. So, we may need to bind hotspot user to MAC and static IP address. If we can bind hotspot user to static IP address, it is easy to control Hotspot users with MikroTik Router and Firewall. So, in [...]
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The Importance of Digital Literacy Training in Today’s Tech-Driven World | May 19, 2025
Summary Digital literacy is an essential skill that enables people to participate in contemporary life and work because it influences educational and employment opportunities, communication methods, and civic participation. Basic computer skills and responsibility are joined by critical thinking capabilities, which lead to proper media evaluation techniques as components of digital literacy. Internet access alone does not effectively utilize digital tools since individuals need proper training to harness digital tools effectively. Organizations, including governments, educational institutions, and companies, dedicate funds [...]
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MikroTik User Manager RADIUS Installation on RouterOS 7 | July 5, 2022
The User Manager is a MikroTik provided RADIUS Server packages. It can be used to manage users for small or medium level business. User Manger is not a default RouterOS packages. So, we have to install user manager as an extra package in RouterOS 7. RouterOS 7 has brought a massive change on User Manager package. The most important change is managing User Manager from Winbox while in RouterOS 6 the User Manager package can only be managed from Web [...]
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VLAN Routing Configuration between MikroTik RouterOS | September 27, 2018
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical topology that divides a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. It increases network security and performance as well as improves network efficiency. MikroTik VLAN routing configuration with manageable switch was discussed in previous article. Today we will learn how to configure VLAN between MikroTik RouterOS. This Router to router VLAN (layer3 VLAN) is useful when any ISP provide connection to one or more local ISPs who use MikroTik Router to maintain [...]
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