networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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MikroTik Bandwidth and Resource Monitoring with Graphs | January 31, 2018
“Am I getting my committed bandwidth?” is a common question to any network administrator. This question may arise either from your customer or from your owner if you are an employee of any organization. If you feel boring hearing this question and want to establish a system where your customer will be able to inspect his bandwidth usage, MikroTik Graphing is your best friend. MikroTik Graphing can be used to display graphics for traffic which is passed through interfaces and [...]
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MikroTik RADIUS Server (User Manager) Installation | October 28, 2017
RADIUS Server is a centralized user authentication, authorization and accounting application. RADIUS authentication gives the ISP or network administrator ability to manage PPP users, login users and Hotspot users from one server throughout a large network. MikroTik RouterOS has a RADIUS client that is able to authenticate login users, Hotspot users and PPP users through a RADIUS server. MikroTik team also developed a totally separate RADIUS server package named User Manager that can be used to authenticate MikroTik users smoothly. [...]
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Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP | April 30, 2024
Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot with Bandwidth Limitation and Prepaid Billing System | January 14, 2018
Say, you are a network administrator and want to establish a network that will have user bandwidth package management facility with prepaid billing system as well as partner advertisement facility. Then, MikroTik Hotspot Server Configuration with MikroTik User Manager Radius Server will be a wise decision. Because, MikroTik User Manager Radius Server is a user authentication, authorization and accounting application that will give facility to manage user bandwidth package with prepaid billing system. On the other hand, you can easily [...]
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CentOS 8 Installation with Screenshots (Server with GUI) | November 21, 2020
Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Red Hat Linux is used as enterprise Linux. Red Hat is also known as Red Hat commercial Linux that means Red Hat is a paid service program. CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is another Linux distribution that provides a free and open source, enterprise-class, community-supported server platform functionally compatible with [...]
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MikroTik WiFi Frequency Band and Channel Width Explanation | January 10, 2020
MikroTik WiFi frequency, band and channel width tuning is an important task in any wireless network. If we fail to setup WiFi frequency and channel width parameter properly, we will notice a poor performance of wireless network. WiFi is aimed at use within unlicensed spectrum and the unlicensed spectrum that is usually used for WiFi is 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band. 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands have multiple channels and these channels must be setup properly to get [...]
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Ubuntu Web Server Configuration with phpMyAdmin (LAMP Stack) | July 12, 2021
Ubuntu Server is one of the most popular open source operating systems that can be used in production without any hassle. In my previous article, I discussed how to install Ubuntu Server with LVM partition. I also discussed how to assign static IP address on Ubuntu Server interface with Netplan network management tool. Ubuntu web server is a popular service because web developers usually use Ubuntu Server for their development project. Besides development project, Ubuntu web server can also be [...]
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WireGuard VPN Setup in MikroTik RouterOS7 with Windows OS | August 14, 2022
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is one of the most popular services in MikroTik RouterOS. A lot of VPN services (IPsec, EoIP, OpenVPN, PPTP, L2TP, IPIP etc.) are available in MikroTik RouterOS but in RouterOS7, a new VPN service named WireGuard has been introduced which is extremely simple yet first, secure and modern VPN. WireGuard uses cryptography to make it secure. In RouterOS7, WireGuard can be used either Client-Server (Road Warrior) VPN tunnel or site to site VPN tunnel. Using Client-Server [...]
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