networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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Network Bandwidth and Throughput | February 17, 2017
Bandwidth and Throughput are two important basic networking terms in computer network. If you wish to be an expert network administrator, you must have better understanding about these two networking terms. As a network user, you should also have better understanding about network bandwidth and throughput so that you can get maximum output from your network service provider. In this article, I will explain about network bandwidth and throughput from very beginning. I hope, this article will enrich your networking [...]
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User Management in Linux (Red Hat/CentOS) | September 28, 2017
User management is an important part of Linux (especially Red Hat Enterprise Linux) system administration. Linux users can be administrated using user or group administration GUI (Graphical User Interface) tool as well as through Red Hat/CentOS Linux command prompt. But I will always suggest you to do command line user administration as much as possible because in production GUI will not be provided always. Many people who are learning Linux administration do not know all features of user administration command [...]
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MikroTik Wireless AP Configuration with DHCP using Winbox | October 22, 2019
MikroTik Wireless Router is one of the most popular and stable WiFi Routers. WiFi Zone for an ISP or for an office or for a home can easily be configured with MikroTik WiFi Router. MikroTik has a lot of WiFi Routers that can be used as a WiFi Access Point (AP), a WiFi Station or a WiFi Repeater. MikroTik Wireless Router can also be used as both WiFi Station and WiFi AP simultaneously. The simple usage of MikroTik Wireless Router [...]
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Install MikroTik RouterOS on PC | June 13, 2016
MikroTik is a popular and mostly used router worldwide because of having a lot of networking functionalities and its cheap price. If we buy a MikroTik Routerboard (like MikroTik Routerboard 450G, MikroTik Routerboard 1100 AH etc.), we will find a machine where MikroTik RouterOS is prebuilt but the machine contains limited processing resources such as limited RAM and limited processor core. So, our network could be slow if you use a MikroTik RouterBoard for maintaining a large network. On the [...]
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How to Block MAC Address in MikroTik RouterOS 7 | July 11, 2024
MikroTik RouterOS 7 by default allows any MAC address to get internet connection through it. But we may need to block some MAC addresses sometimes. There are three methods to block MAC address in MikroTik RouterOS 7 – Blocking MAC Address using Bridge Filter Rule. Blocking MAC Address using Firewall Filter Rule and Blocking MAC Address from DHCP Lease. We can use any of these methods if we want to block MAC Address in MikroTik Router. In this article, we [...]
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How to Backup and Restore Mozilla Firefox Bookmarks | August 13, 2015
Bookmark is one of the most important and useful features in Mozilla Firefox Browser. If Bookmark is lost, Firefox users become very anxiety to recover it. But Mozilla Firefox also provides a tool to backup and restore Bookmarks so easily. So don’t need to be worried. If you know the proper steps about how to take a backup of your bookmark file and how to restore that bookmark backup file again, it will be very beneficial for you. So, this [...]
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MikroTik Site to Site GRE Tunnel Configuration with IPsec | March 26, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure tunnel across a public network. A private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network using VPN Tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik provides GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnel that is used to create a site to site VPN tunnel. GRE tunneling protocol which can encapsulate a wide variety of protocols creating a virtual point-to-point link was [...]
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Apache2 Web Server HTTPS Configuration on Ubuntu Server | August 15, 2021
Data transmission between web server and web client over port 80 (HTTP) is not encrypted. So, any middle man between web server and web client can view transmitted data and can steal secret information. To overcome this limitation, HTTPS Protocol over port 443 has been introduced. HTTPS is a secure web server that is configured with SSL/TLS certificate. TLS (Transport Layer Security) and its predecessor SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) are web protocols used to wrap normal traffic in a protected, [...]
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