networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Import SSL Certificate in MikroTik RouterOS | January 16, 2022
SSL/TLS Certificate is used to make secure communication between server and clients. MikroTik RouterOS has a lot of services such OVPN, SSTP VPN, HTTPS, Hotspot and so on those use SSL/TLS certificate. It is possible to create self-signed certificate in MikroTik RouterOS but self-signed certificate faces untrusted CA warning. So, it is always better to use trusted CA either freemium or premium. In my previous article, I discussed how to get a free SSL/TLS certificate from Zero SSL but Zero [...]
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OpenVPN Configuration over Port 443 on Ubuntu Linux | June 20, 2022
OpenVPN provides a secure and encrypted VPN tunnel across public network. Unlike PPTP and L2TP VPN Services which can be blocked, OpenVPN can highly be customized and even can be run over so popular TCP Port 443. So, OpenVPN cannot easily be blocked. OpenVPN uses SSL/TLS Certificates. So, OpenVPN Tunnel is a trusted tunnel to send and receive data across public network. OpenVPN Server can easily install on Ubuntu Server. Installing OpenVPN Server on Ubuntu Server, we can connect Windows, [...]
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Single IP NAT Strategy in MikroTik RouterOS 7 | September 29, 2015
MikroTik Router has a lot of features which help to customize network as our requirement. Sometimes, it may be our requirement that we need to allow internet access on per IP. Normally, when we apply masquerade NAT rule in our MikroTik Router, all private IPs will be masqueraded or a network block will be masqueraded. If we do normal masqurade and enable a DHCP Server in our network, we may face a lot of unauthorized access in our network. Because [...]
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MikroTik PPPoE Server Configuration with freeRADIUS Server | January 20, 2019
PPPoE Service is one of the most popular services in MikroTik Router. It is specially used by the local ISP provider for the simplicity of client connection. MikroTik PPPoE Service accepts user or client authentication and authorization both MikroTik local user database and RADIUS user database. RADIUS Server provides an efficient way to manage user authentication, authorization and accounting. FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS suite that provides user authentication, authorization and accounting facility for a number of network devices [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Auto Login by MAC Address | July 1, 2020
Hotspot is an awesome service in MikroTik Router. MikroTik Hotspot is popularly used in ISP, Hotel, Airport, Coffee Shop, Enterprise office and many other organizations. By default MikroTik Hotspot uses HTTP CHAP login method where user must provide username and password to get internet service. Sometimes we may face that some users are not eager to provide username and password to get internet service or we cannot ask some users to put username and password to get internet due to [...]
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MikroTik Router Auto Backup via Email | August 23, 2016
MikroTik Router is popularly used not only in ISP network but also in enterprise office network. So, MikroTik is a popular item to network administrator. A regular task of a network administrator is to keep and store router configuration file backup. Almost every network administrator takes configuration file backup manually. But MikroTik Router has an E-mail tool by which network administrators can automate configuration file backup regularly via email and can reduce his daily manual task easily. E-mail tool is [...]
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FreeRADIUS Installation and Basic Configuration on CentOS 7 | November 28, 2018
FreeRADIUS is a modular, high performance and highly customizable open source RADIUS server. Anyone can use FreeRADIUS without any charge and can customize his RADIUS server according to his organizational requirements. In my previous article, I discussed how to install and configure user manager RADIUS server developed by MikroTik. The main disadvantage of user manager RADIUS server is ‘it is not customizable and not suitable for medium or large organization’. On the other hand, FreeRADIUS is giving facility to customize [...]
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MikroTik PCC Load Balancing over Unequal Dual WAN Links | June 12, 2018
Hi, you are here means you are finding a Load Balancing and Link Redundancy solution with Unequal WAN links in your MikroTik Router. If so, it is your right place. In my previous article I discussed how to configure a Dual WAN Load Balancing and Link Redundancy network using PCC method but it was assumed that both WAN links have equal bandwidth. But in real situation, you may have unequal WAN links such as ISP1 may have 10MB bandwidth and [...]
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