networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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MikroTik Load Balancing with 2 PPPoE and 1 Static WAN using ECMP | September 24, 2019
ECMP provides almost 100% reliable load balancing and link redundancy solution. ECMP is a per connection load balancing where connection is marked with source and destination IP pair. In my previous article I discussed how to configure DUAL WAN load balancing with failover using ECMP method where WAN connections were static IP Addresses. But some ISP companies use PPPoE service for their client connection. So, some network administrators become confused to configure load balancing with PPPoE WAN connection because PPPoE [...]
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How to Separate MikroTik Hotspot and DHCP IP Pool | October 9, 2020
MikroTik default Hotspot Setup comes with a DHCP Server (which uses same IP Pool of Hotspot Server) to provide IP address and other network information to a connected device. Using this automatic IP address connected device can access Hotspot login page. After successfully login, a one to one NAT IP address is also assigned for the device and this process happens internally in Hotspot Server. User device cannot know this one to one NAT IP assigning. However, Hotspot Server actually [...]
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Reset Mozilla Firefox to Default Settings | August 26, 2015
Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed Mozilla Corporation. Mozilla Firefox is available for most of the popular operating system like Windows, macOS and Linux operating system. It is also a default web browser in Linux operating system. Mozilla Firefox is a popular web browser to any online user. It is said that no online user can go a single day without this Browser. I am also a fan of Mozilla Firefox browser and using this [...]
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Install MikroTik RouterOS on PC | June 13, 2016
MikroTik is a popular and mostly used router worldwide because of having a lot of networking functionalities and its cheap price. If we buy a MikroTik Routerboard (like MikroTik Routerboard 450G, MikroTik Routerboard 1100 AH etc.), we will find a machine where MikroTik RouterOS is prebuilt but the machine contains limited processing resources such as limited RAM and limited processor core. So, our network could be slow if you use a MikroTik RouterBoard for maintaining a large network. On the [...]
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Upgrading MikroTik RouterOS and Firmware using Winbox | September 9, 2018
MikroTik RouterOS is in constant development and new features or bug fixes are frequently available, sometimes even monthly. So, it is always recommend upgrading your MikroTik RouterOS to a latest and stable version before beginning any configuration. Sometimes you may find that your production router is required to be upgraded to a new version based on some logical reasons such as: A new feature is available to a new update and you need to implement that new feature. New version [...]
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How to Properly Downgrade MikroTik RouterOS and Firmware | October 2, 2019
MikroTik RouterOS is in constant development and new features or bug fixes are frequently available, sometimes even monthly. So, it is always recommend upgrading MikroTik RouterOS to a latest and stable version before beginning any configuration. But sometimes you may face that the upgraded version is not working properly according to your demand or you may upgrade to a new version that you don’t want. In this case, you should come back to your workable RouterOS version and firmware. Upgrading RouterOS [...]
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MikroTik Block Website (Facebook, YouTube and Other Sites) | October 12, 2017
MikroTik Firewall is a powerful security tool that can be used to block unwanted websites. If you are a network administrator, sometimes it may be your requirement to block any website like Facebook, YouTube, Pornographic site and so on. To block these types of websites, you just need to create Firewall Rules that will drop any connection to these websites through your MikroTik Router. MikroTik Firewall basic concept such as what is MikroTik Firewall, what is MikroTik Firewall Rule, how [...]
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MikroTik WiFi Frequency Band and Channel Width Explanation | January 10, 2020
MikroTik WiFi frequency, band and channel width tuning is an important task in any wireless network. If we fail to setup WiFi frequency and channel width parameter properly, we will notice a poor performance of wireless network. WiFi is aimed at use within unlicensed spectrum and the unlicensed spectrum that is usually used for WiFi is 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band. 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands have multiple channels and these channels must be setup properly to get [...]
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