networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Recover MikroTik User Password | August 9, 2018
MikroTik Wiki and Forum say that there is no way to recover MikroTik user password without losing MikroTik configuration. But if you have an unencrypted configuration file backup taken before, you will be able to recover your user password using MikroTik password recovery tools. How to Backup and Restore MikroTik configuration file manually was discussed in my previous article. I also discussed how to backup MikroTik configuration file automatically via Mail in another article and in this article I will [...]
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MikroTik DNS Client and Caching DNS Server Configuration | April 7, 2019
Domain Name Server (DNS) is an essential part in a computer network. Today web communication cannot imagine without DNS. DNS is a client server protocol where DNS Client requests for the domain name resolution and DNS Server response on it. MikroTik Router has both DNS Client and DNS Server features. The DNS Client is used to resolve domain name to IP address from a DNS Server. On the other hand, the DNS Server feature provides domain name resolution for the [...]
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MikroTik Blocking All Websites Except a Few Websites | May 7, 2019
A few days ago, someone asked me how to block all websites except one with MikroTik Firewall. For this, I have decided to discuss about blocking all websites except someone’s whitelist. Unlike firewall devices, MikroTik Firewall by default allows all websites. So, if you need to block any website, you have to create a firewall rule that will block the specific website. Now if we want to block all websites and want to allow a few websites, we have to [...]
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Hardening MikroTik RouterOS by Limiting Login Services | February 6, 2021
MikroTik RouterOS is usually used as a bridge between WAN and LAN network. WAN network is always an insecure network because attackers always try to hack your RouterOS so that they can compromise it for their own benefit. As a network administrator of MikroTik RouterOS, we should always take anti hacking steps to secure our MikroTik RouterOS. There are a lot of security tasks those we should take care to secure our MikroTik RouterOS. Among these security tasks, we will [...]
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WiFi Station Setup in MikroTik Wireless Router | November 27, 2019
MikroTik Wireless Router is capable of working as a WiFi Client. So, if any ISP provides WiFi connection for their clients, MikroTik Wireless Router can be used to connect to that ISP SSID by configuring wireless station mode. MikroTik WiFi station mode finds available SSID and connects with permitted SSID. This wireless connection can be used as wireless WAN connection and configuring LAN, multiple devices can get internet over this wireless WAN connection. In my previous article, I discussed how [...]
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MikroTik Bandwidth and Resource Monitoring with Graphs | January 31, 2018
“Am I getting my committed bandwidth?” is a common question to any network administrator. This question may arise either from your customer or from your owner if you are an employee of any organization. If you feel boring hearing this question and want to establish a system where your customer will be able to inspect his bandwidth usage, MikroTik Graphing is your best friend. MikroTik Graphing can be used to display graphics for traffic which is passed through interfaces and [...]
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MikroTik PPPoE Setup with Radius Server Prepaid Billing System | December 23, 2017
MikroTik PPPoE Server is popularly used in ISP Companies to maintain user connection. Along with MikroTik PPPoE Service it is a better idea to make a prepaid billing system with Radius Server. MikroTik User Manager Radius Server is a user authentication and accounting application that gives the ISP Company ability to manage PPPoE user’s connection with proper bandwidth management as well as their prepaid billing system with scratch card. So, any ISP Company can turn a smart network system with [...]
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CentOS 8 Networking Configuration Using nmtui Tool | December 14, 2020
The first task after completing CentOS 8 fresh installation is to configure its networking so that it can be accessed from other network devices. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 8 Graphical User Interface (GNOME Desktop) with step by step screenshots. If you are a new CentOS 8 user and have not yet installed CentOS 8 on your server machine, feel free to follow that article and install CentOS 8 GNOME Desktop according to the article. [...]
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