networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Install VMware ESXi VMvisor on VMware Workstation | December 28, 2020
There is no doubt that VMware vSphere is the pioneer in virtualization world. Day by day IT infrastructure is converting to virtualization where VMware vSphere is providing more features than any other virtualization software. VMware ESXi is the foundation of VMware vSphere. VMware ESXi is a bare metal hypervisor. So, a physical server is required to install VMware ESXi. Physical servers are usually costly and beginners or researchers cannot always arrange such a high priced physical server to install ESXi [...]
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MikroTik Site to Site GRE Tunnel Configuration with IPsec | March 26, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure tunnel across a public network. A private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network using VPN Tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik provides GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunnel that is used to create a site to site VPN tunnel. GRE tunneling protocol which can encapsulate a wide variety of protocols creating a virtual point-to-point link was [...]
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How to Block WiFi Access although Password is Known | April 23, 2024
We usually get internet connection from any ISP and buy any WiFi Router and then configure wireless/AP with password and configure DHCP Server to get connection from own WiFi devices. We use these WiFi Routers/APs at home, office, workspace or any other public places. Usually, we get connected to our WiFi using our provided WiFi password. Initially there will be no problem to keep your network safe using password authentication. But day by day your password will be known by [...]
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MikroTik Router First Time Startup and Setup using WebFig | April 17, 2018
I guess, you have purchased a new MikroTik Router or installed a new MikroTik RouterOS on PC and you are searching How to Start MikroTik Router First Time and How to Complete Basic RouterOS Configuration using WebFig (Web Interface) for running a basic network. If these are your concern, don’t worry, in this article I will show how to startup your MikroTik Router first time and complete RouterOS basic configuration using WebFig web interface so easily. There are three methods [...]
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MikroTik Configuration with PPPoE WAN Connection | July 18, 2018
MikroTik Router is a popular routing device to any network administrator because of having a lot of network features availability. MikroTik PPPoE Client is a special feature that is used to connect any PPPoE Server. If your ISP provides PPPoE connection, MikroTik Router is able to connect that PPPoE Server using PPPoE Client. In my previous article, I discussed how to configure MikroTik Router with static WAN connection and in this article I will show how to configure MikroTik Router [...]
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Upgrading MikroTik RouterOS and Firmware using Winbox | September 9, 2018
MikroTik RouterOS is in constant development and new features or bug fixes are frequently available, sometimes even monthly. So, it is always recommend upgrading your MikroTik RouterOS to a latest and stable version before beginning any configuration. Sometimes you may find that your production router is required to be upgraded to a new version based on some logical reasons such as: A new feature is available to a new update and you need to implement that new feature. New version [...]
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How to Separate MikroTik Hotspot and DHCP IP Pool | October 9, 2020
MikroTik default Hotspot Setup comes with a DHCP Server (which uses same IP Pool of Hotspot Server) to provide IP address and other network information to a connected device. Using this automatic IP address connected device can access Hotspot login page. After successfully login, a one to one NAT IP address is also assigned for the device and this process happens internally in Hotspot Server. User device cannot know this one to one NAT IP assigning. However, Hotspot Server actually [...]
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Getting Started with Red Hat Linux | May 20, 2017
Red Hat Linux is an open source server operating system. Although open source Red Hat is a commercial Linux distribution. So, most of the Linux administrators use CentOS because CentOS is a free and open source, enterprise-class and community-supported server platform as well as it is functionally compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux. In my previous article, I showed how to install CentOS 7 core packages in your server machine. Today I will introduce you with Red Hat Linux’s command [...]
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