networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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MikroTik Site to Site OpenVPN Server Setup (RouterOS Client) | April 9, 2018
VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network. So, a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network through VPN tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik OpenVPN Server provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across public network for transporting IP traffic using PPP. OpenVPN Server uses SSL Certificates. So, OpenVPN Tunnel is a trusted tunnel to send and receive data [...]
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NGINX and PHP-FPM: A High-Performance Web Hosting Duo | September 26, 2024
When it comes to hosting high-performance websites or web applications, Nginx and PHP-FPM are often paired together due to their complementary capabilities. NGINX is a highly efficient web server which works seamlessly with PHP-FPM. PHP-FPM is a FastCGI Process Manager for PHP that is used to deliver fast, reliable, and scalable solutions for dynamic content. What is Nginx? Nginx (pronounced as “engine-ex”) is a lightweight, high-performance web server that is widely used for serving static content, load balancing and reverse [...]
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CentOS 8 Networking Configuration Using Cockpit Web Console | January 11, 2021
The first task after completing CentOS 8 fresh installation is to configure its networking so that it can be accessed from other network devices. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 8 Graphical User Interface (GNOME Desktop) with step by step screenshots. If you are a new CentOS 8 user and have not yet installed CentOS 8 on your server machine, feel free to follow that article and install CentOS 8 GNOME Desktop according to the article. [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot with Bandwidth Limitation and Prepaid Billing System | January 14, 2018
Say, you are a network administrator and want to establish a network that will have user bandwidth package management facility with prepaid billing system as well as partner advertisement facility. Then, MikroTik Hotspot Server Configuration with MikroTik User Manager Radius Server will be a wise decision. Because, MikroTik User Manager Radius Server is a user authentication, authorization and accounting application that will give facility to manage user bandwidth package with prepaid billing system. On the other hand, you can easily [...]
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MikroTik Blocking All Websites Except a Few Websites | May 7, 2019
A few days ago, someone asked me how to block all websites except one with MikroTik Firewall. For this, I have decided to discuss about blocking all websites except someone’s whitelist. Unlike firewall devices, MikroTik Firewall by default allows all websites. So, if you need to block any website, you have to create a firewall rule that will block the specific website. Now if we want to block all websites and want to allow a few websites, we have to [...]
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Managing Disk Partition with the parted Tool in CentOS 7 | March 2, 2019
As a system administrator, sometimes you may require to manage partitions of your CentOS/Red Hat Linux Operating System. Partition management is always a risky task. But there are some useful tools those are so helpful to manage CentOS/Red Hat Linux disk partition easily. In my previous article, I discussed how to manage CentOS/Red Hat 7 HDD partitions with the fdisk utility. The fdisk tool is only eligible to manage MBR partition table. But GPT partition table is now becoming more [...]
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CentOS 7 Partition Management with fdisk Utility | February 11, 2019
CentOS or Red Hat Linux is a popular server operating system to the system administrators. Almost all the system admins or IT guys who play with mail server, file server, proxy server and so on are so known with CentOS or Red Hat Linux and cannot go a single day without this operating system. The guys who are also wish to be a system admin should be familiar with CentOS or Red Hat operating system. In my previous article, I [...]
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MikroTik Router Integration and Configuration on GNS3 | September 19, 2018
GNS3 is a network simulator software used by hundreds of thousands of network engineers worldwide to emulate, configure, test and troubleshoot virtual and real networks. GNS3 can talk a large number of network vendors including MikroTik. MikroTik introduces Cloud Hosted Router (a RouterOS version) that is used to run as virtual machine and a virtual machine can easily be integrated with GNS3. So, network administrators who are fond of MikroTik Router can now configure, test and troubleshoot their MikroTik network [...]
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