networking basic concepts

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    How to Bind Hotspot User to MAC and Static IP in MikroTik |   November 6, 2020

    MikroTik Hotspot is usually a user based Hotspot access controlling system. Internet access and bandwidth can easily be maintained with Hotspot user based system. But sometimes we may require more control on Hotspot system which is not possible only username based system. So, we may need to bind hotspot user to MAC and static IP address. If we can bind hotspot user to static IP address, it is easy to control Hotspot users with MikroTik Router and Firewall. So, in [...]

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    Free Online File Storage and File Sharing with Google Drive |   August 19, 2015

    Google Drive is a popular free online file storage and file sharing service by Google. Google Drive provides 15 GB free online storage where anyone can store or backup any kinds of file. That means, you can store your document file, picture, audio, video or any kinds of file into Google Drive and can read, write or download any file when you want. You can also share your stored file with your friends using Google Drive. But you are only [...]

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    MikroTik Load Balancing over Multiple Gateways (2 WAN) |   October 13, 2016

    Load Balancing is a technique used to send network traffic over multiple gateways. If you have multiple ISP connections in your network, you can send your network traffic through those ISP connections and can make a load balancing network. Accidently you may ask me, why will I use multiple ISP connections? What are the benefits to use multiple ISP connections in my network? I will say, ask yourself deeply then you will find the reasons why multiple ISP connections is [...]

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    Why ISPs Should Embrace TR-069 ACS to Stay Ahead of Competitors |   May 22, 2023

    As the telecommunications industry becomes more competitive, local ISPs need to find ways to stay ahead of larger telcos and offer services that meet the changing demands of their customers. One of the solutions to this challenge is to implement TR-069 ACS server to help streamline network management, reduce costs, and increase efficiency. In this article, we’ll explore why the TR-069 ACS server is essential for medium-sized ISPs to stay competitive in today’s market. We’ll examine the challenges these ISPs [...]

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    NGINX and PHP-FPM: A High-Performance Web Hosting Duo |   September 26, 2024

    When it comes to hosting high-performance websites or web applications, Nginx and PHP-FPM are often paired together due to their complementary capabilities. NGINX is a highly efficient web server which works seamlessly with PHP-FPM. PHP-FPM is a FastCGI Process Manager for PHP that is used to deliver fast, reliable, and scalable solutions for dynamic content. What is Nginx? Nginx (pronounced as “engine-ex”) is a lightweight, high-performance web server that is widely used for serving static content, load balancing and reverse [...]

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    MikroTik Site to Site SSTP VPN Setup with RouterOS Client |   May 14, 2020

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network. So, a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network through VPN tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) transports PPP tunnel over TLS channel. SSTP uses TLS channel over TCP port 443. So, SSTP VPN can virtually pass through all firewalls and proxy servers. Because of using TLS [...]

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    How to Assign Static IP Address in Windows OS |   September 16, 2015

    Communication between one computer to another computer or server is established with IP addresses. Without IP address no communication is possible in computer network. An Internet Protocol (IP) Address is a numerical value or label assigned to each electronic device (e.g., computer, smartphone and printer) which uses Internet Protocol for communication. IP can be assigned both dynamically and statically on a IP devices. Dynamic IP is assigned by a DHCP server. If a DHCP server is present in a network, [...]

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    Network Bandwidth and Throughput |   February 17, 2017

    Bandwidth and Throughput are two important basic networking terms in computer network. If you wish to be an expert network administrator, you must have better understanding about these two networking terms. As a network user, you should also have better understanding about network bandwidth and throughput so that you can get maximum output from your network service provider. In this article, I will explain about network bandwidth and throughput from very beginning. I hope, this article will enrich your networking [...]

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