networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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How to Use Old Router as Range Extender to Boost WiFi Signal | October 7, 2019
WiFi is a technology to turn wired internet into WiFi internet and used in every home and office. Wireless internet gives you the freedom to use the internet without sitting in a single place. It is also true that speed performance drop in Wi-fi due to weak signal or interference. Sometimes laying a physical wired connection in every room is not possible. So Wi-Fi range extender setup helps you to boost signal strength. Instead of buying a new range extender [...]
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MikroTik Radius Configuration with FreeRADIUS | December 7, 2018
FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS suite that provides authentication, authorization and accounting facility for a large number of network devices including MikroTik Router. Although MikroTik has user manager RADIUS service to provide authentication, authorization and accounting facility but it is not free for customization and not suitable for medium to large organization. On the other hand, freeRADIUS is free for customization according to your organization requirements. But freeRADIUS has to be customized by you. In my previous article, I [...]
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MikroTik Load Balancing over Multiple Gateways (2 WAN) | October 13, 2016
Load Balancing is a technique used to send network traffic over multiple gateways. If you have multiple ISP connections in your network, you can send your network traffic through those ISP connections and can make a load balancing network. Accidently you may ask me, why will I use multiple ISP connections? What are the benefits to use multiple ISP connections in my network? I will say, ask yourself deeply then you will find the reasons why multiple ISP connections is [...]
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Ubuntu Server Set Static IP Address with Netplan | July 1, 2021
Ubuntu Server is one of the most popular open source sever operating systems. Ubuntu Server can be used in production without any hassle. In my previous article, I discussed how to install Ubuntu Server’s latest version (Ubuntu Server 20.04) with LVM. In this article, we are going to see how to assign static IP address in Ubuntu Server with Netplan network management tool. Netplan Since Ubuntu Server 17.10, Netplan is being used as the default network management tool instead of [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Auto Login by MAC Address | July 1, 2020
Hotspot is an awesome service in MikroTik Router. MikroTik Hotspot is popularly used in ISP, Hotel, Airport, Coffee Shop, Enterprise office and many other organizations. By default MikroTik Hotspot uses HTTP CHAP login method where user must provide username and password to get internet service. Sometimes we may face that some users are not eager to provide username and password to get internet service or we cannot ask some users to put username and password to get internet due to [...]
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How to Mount USB Device in CentOS 7 (NTFS and Linux FS) | February 18, 2019
USB Hard Disk Drive or USB Flash Drive (Pen drive) is a popular external device that can be used to backup data or transfer data from one device to other device. In GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System such as Window or GNOME Desktop in Linux can automatically mount USB device and can show data in it if the File System of that device is supported. But all users do not like or always do not have GUI mode of [...]
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How to Clear Google Chrome History | August 20, 2015
Google Chrome is one of the most popular web browsers to online users. It provides a lot of features which help to use this browser smoothly and securely. Google Chrome history is one of the useful features in Google Chrome which helpfully caches or remembers a lot of browsing information specially username and password or login credential of your important web account when you visit various websites in internet. If you are the only user of your desktop or laptop, [...]
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MikroTik Hotspot Configuration with ECMP Load Balancing | September 4, 2021
MikroTik Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik RouterOS and day be day the demand of Hotspot service is increasing. MikroTik Hotspot can be used in any Airport, Hotel, Restaurant, Campus, Camp, Office or any ISP network. It is also possible to establish a WiFi Broadband Network with the MikroTik Hotspot service. How to configure MikroTik Hotspot was discussed in one of my previous articles. Although MikroTik Hotspot configuration is not so difficult but sometimes we face [...]
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