networking basic concepts

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    How to Secure MikroTik RouterOS Login Users |   February 19, 2021

    MikroTik RouterOS is a bridge between WAN and LAN. So, it is mandatory to apply RouterOS login user security policy. Otherwise, RouterOS may so insecure.

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    MikroTik PCC Load Balancing over Unequal Dual WAN Links |   June 12, 2018

    Hi, you are here means you are finding a Load Balancing and Link Redundancy solution with Unequal WAN links in your MikroTik Router. If so, it is your right place. In my previous article I discussed how to configure a Dual WAN Load Balancing and Link Redundancy network using PCC method but it was assumed that both WAN links have equal bandwidth. But in real situation, you may have unequal WAN links such as ISP1 may have 10MB bandwidth and [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot Customization |   April 5, 2017

    Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik router. MikroTik Hotspot Gateway is a policy to authorize network clients before to access local network resources as well as public network resources through MikroTik router. In a Hotspot network, the user can login or authenticate using almost any web browser, so there is no need to install any additional software to client end. As Hotspot login prompt is a webpage, Hotspot service can effectively be used as an advertising medium of [...]

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    MikroTik Bandwidth Management using Simple Queue |   September 3, 2015

    MikroTik is one of the most popular routers in computer networking. It is said that no office or ISP company cannot go a single day without MikroTik Router. MikroTik Router is also a popular router to a network administrator because MikroTik Router is easily maintainable with graphical user interface software named winbox than other routers. A lot of services are available in MikroTik router to run a network smoothly. Among these services, Bandwidth Management Service is the most popular service in [...]

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    MikroTik RADIUS Server (User Manager) Installation |   October 28, 2017

    RADIUS Server is a centralized user authentication, authorization and accounting application. RADIUS authentication gives the ISP or network administrator ability to manage PPP users, login users and Hotspot users from one server throughout a large network. MikroTik RouterOS has a RADIUS client that is able to authenticate login users, Hotspot users and PPP users through a RADIUS server. MikroTik team also developed a totally separate RADIUS server package named User Manager that can be used to authenticate MikroTik users smoothly. [...]

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    MikroTik Router First Time Startup and Setup using WebFig |   April 17, 2018

    I guess, you have purchased a new MikroTik Router or installed a new MikroTik RouterOS on PC and you are searching How to Start MikroTik Router First Time and How to Complete Basic RouterOS Configuration using WebFig (Web Interface) for running a basic network. If these are your concern, don’t worry, in this article I will show how to startup your MikroTik Router first time and complete RouterOS basic configuration using WebFig web interface so easily. There are three methods [...]

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    Red Hat/CentOS 7 Linux Installation (Minimal Packages) |   April 18, 2017

    Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Red Hat Linux is used as enterprise Linux. Red Hat is also known as Red Hat commercial Linux that means Red Hat is a paid service program. CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is another Linux distribution that provides a free and open source, enterprise-class, community-supported server platform functionally [...]

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    MikroTik User Manager Installation and Basic Configuration |   December 15, 2019

    MikroTik User Manager is a RADIUS application developed by MikroTik team and can be used without charge. User Manager is used for authentication, authorization and accounting of MikroTik RouterOS, PPPoE, Hotspot, DHCP and Wireless users. Although User Manager Package is developed by MikroTik it will not be found in RouterOS by default. So, we have to install User Manager Package manually if we wish to use this RADIUS application. User Manager can be installed on MikroTik RouterBOARD, MikroTik CHR or [...]

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