networking basic concepts
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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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NGINX Web Server Installation and Configuration in Ubuntu | September 7, 2024
NGINX is a feature rich and high-performance software which is mainly used for Web Server. NGINX can also be used as a proxy server, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP Cache Server. NGINX is a free and open-source software and can be run on Linux, Windows. macOS and other operating systems. NGINX is a single-thread based application. So, it can handle unlimited client requests using asynchronous technique. NGINX processes highly efficient run loops in a single-thread process called workers. Workers accept [...]
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Ubuntu Web Server Configuration with phpMyAdmin (LAMP Stack) | July 12, 2021
Ubuntu Server is one of the most popular open source operating systems that can be used in production without any hassle. In my previous article, I discussed how to install Ubuntu Server with LVM partition. I also discussed how to assign static IP address on Ubuntu Server interface with Netplan network management tool. Ubuntu web server is a popular service because web developers usually use Ubuntu Server for their development project. Besides development project, Ubuntu web server can also be [...]
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How to Block Tor Browser with MikroTik Router | June 12, 2019
Tor Browser is an alternative to VPN and Web Proxy that breaks blocking firewall rule. If any user installs and uses Tor Browser, he/she can hide the public IP address of router and can unblock blocked websites applied on a network. So, administrators should block Tor Nodes along with other blocking firewall rule. In my previous article, I discussed how to block VPN and Proxy access with MikroTik Router and in this article I will discuss how to block Tor [...]
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CentOS 8 Installation with Screenshots (Server with GUI) | November 21, 2020
Linux is a free and open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds on September 17, 1991. It is mainly used as server environment. A lot of Linux distributions are present today. Among them, Red Hat Linux is used as enterprise Linux. Red Hat is also known as Red Hat commercial Linux that means Red Hat is a paid service program. CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is another Linux distribution that provides a free and open source, enterprise-class, community-supported server platform functionally compatible with [...]
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Boost Network Performance with MikroTik FastTrack in RouterOS 7 | October 27, 2025
Network administrators often face the challenge of balancing speed and stability. MikroTik’s FastTrack feature, introduced in earlier RouterOS versions and optimized in RouterOS 7, is a game-changing solution that dramatically enhances performance by reducing CPU load and improving packet handling efficiency. 🚀 What Is MikroTik FastTrack? FastTrack is a special processing method in RouterOS that allows packets from established and related connections to bypass the standard connection tracking process. In simple terms, once a connection is identified as safe and [...]
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MikroTik Router Web Proxy Configuration | August 28, 2016
A Proxy Server is usually placed between users and the internet so that the proxy server can track the activities of any user. Formerly, a proxy server was mainly used for caching the static content of any web server because the internet speed was too slow. So, users would get high speed for browsing as if they were browsing a local server. But nowadays the internet bandwidth has increased. So, the proxy server is usually not used for web caching [...]
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MikroTik RouterOS Device Mode: Home, Basic, and Advanced – and Their Impact on Hotspot Setup | November 4, 2025
MikroTik RouterOS offers flexible configuration options for everything from home routers to ISP-grade hotspots. When setting up your MikroTik device, you’ll see a Device Mode option in Quick Set — allowing you to choose between Home, Basic, or Advanced modes. These modes define how much control you have over the router’s features and directly affect your ability to create and manage a Hotspot network. In this guide, we’ll explain each mode, show you how to check and change device mode [...]
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Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking | October 14, 2025
Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]
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