networking tutorials

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking |   October 14, 2025

    Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]

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    Essential Networking Skills for Job Seekers in IT industry |   March 18, 2025

    The Information Technology (IT) industry is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields in the modern job market. With continuous advancements in technology, businesses are always on the lookout for skilled IT professionals who can adapt to new trends, troubleshoot complex systems, and enhance cybersecurity measures. However, technical knowledge alone is not enough to secure a job in the IT industry. One of the most critical factors in landing a job and advancing in an IT career is [...]

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    Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP |   April 30, 2024

    Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]

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    Install MikroTik RouterOS on PC |   June 13, 2016

    MikroTik is a popular and mostly used router worldwide because of having a lot of networking functionalities and its cheap price. If we buy a MikroTik Routerboard (like MikroTik Routerboard 450G, MikroTik Routerboard 1100 AH etc.), we will find a machine where MikroTik RouterOS is prebuilt but the machine contains limited processing resources such as limited RAM and limited processor core. So, our network could be slow if you use a MikroTik RouterBoard for maintaining a large network. On the [...]

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    MikroTik DHCP Server Configuration in RouterOS 7 |   October 14, 2015

    Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol. DHCP server automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) address and other related information such as subnet mask, default gateway and DNS to DHCP clients. DHCP server and client use UDP port 67 and 68 for communication. In a network, a DHCP client (IP devices such as Desktop, Laptop, Smartphone etc.) requests for an IP lease to DHCP servers and a DHCP server responses allocating IP address and other related IP information [...]

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    MikroTik OpenVPN Configuration on TCP Port 443 with Windows OS |   April 6, 2020

    MikroTik OpenVPN is an amazing VPN solution. IT provides a secure and encrypted VPN tunnel across public network. Unlike PPTP and L2TP VPN Services which are poorly designed and can easily be blocked, OpenVPN can highly be customized and even can be run on so popular TCP Port 443. So, OpenVPN cannot easily be blocked. OpenVPN uses SSL/TLS Certificates. So, OpenVPN Tunnel is a trusted tunnel to send and receive data across public network. OpenVPN is a site to site [...]

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    How to Create Gmail Account Successfully |   August 17, 2015

    Email is the heart of any business communication today. Not only enterprise companies but also our personal life’s activities are mostly depended on email. So, every person should have an email account today. There are many online companies (such as Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail) who are providing free email services for any online users. Among these online companies, Gmail is the most popular free email service by Google with 15 GB free storage facility. Gmail has huge features to maintain [...]

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    MikroTik Blocking All Websites Except a Few Websites |   May 7, 2019

    A few days ago, someone asked me how to block all websites except one with MikroTik Firewall. For this, I have decided to discuss about blocking all websites except someone’s whitelist. Unlike firewall devices, MikroTik Firewall by default allows all websites. So, if you need to block any website, you have to create a firewall rule that will block the specific website. Now if we want to block all websites and want to allow a few websites, we have to [...]

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