networking tutorials

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking |   October 14, 2025

    Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]

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    Essential Networking Skills for Job Seekers in IT industry |   March 18, 2025

    The Information Technology (IT) industry is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields in the modern job market. With continuous advancements in technology, businesses are always on the lookout for skilled IT professionals who can adapt to new trends, troubleshoot complex systems, and enhance cybersecurity measures. However, technical knowledge alone is not enough to secure a job in the IT industry. One of the most critical factors in landing a job and advancing in an IT career is [...]

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    Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP |   April 30, 2024

    Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]

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    How to Mount USB Device in CentOS 7 (NTFS and Linux FS) |   February 18, 2019

    USB Hard Disk Drive or USB Flash Drive (Pen drive) is a popular external device that can be used to backup data or transfer data from one device to other device. In GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System such as Window or GNOME Desktop in Linux can automatically mount USB device and can show data in it if the File System of that device is supported. But all users do not like or always do not have GUI mode of [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot Customization |   April 5, 2017

    Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik router. MikroTik Hotspot Gateway is a policy to authorize network clients before to access local network resources as well as public network resources through MikroTik router. In a Hotspot network, the user can login or authenticate using almost any web browser, so there is no need to install any additional software to client end. As Hotspot login prompt is a webpage, Hotspot service can effectively be used as an advertising medium of [...]

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    How to Install Discord on Ubuntu 24.04 |   July 28, 2024

    Discord is a popular communication platform designed for creating communities and bringing people together through text, voice, and video chat. Originally created for gamers, Discord has expanded to encompass a wide range of communities beyond gaming, including hobbyists, professionals, study groups, and more. There are several methods of installing Discord on Ubuntu 24.04. We will be covering the easiest method for demonstration which is from the snap store. Following are the step-by-step commands to install Discord on Ubuntu 24.04. Install [...]

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    phpMyAdmin with NGINX – Installation and Configuration |   October 14, 2024

    In modern web development, server management is a vital part. Two popular tools that assist in this process are Nginx and phpMyAdmin. Nginx is a high-performance web server, while phpMyAdmin is a widely-used web-based interface for managing MySQL or MariaDB databases. When combined, these tools provide a strong platform for serving dynamic web applications and managing their databases efficiently. What is Nginx? NGINX (pronounced “engine-x”) is an open-source web server that also functions as a reverse proxy, load balancer, and [...]

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    MikroTik Site to Site OpenVPN Server Setup (RouterOS Client) |   April 9, 2018

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network. So, a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network through VPN tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik OpenVPN Server provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across public network for transporting IP traffic using PPP. OpenVPN Server uses SSL Certificates. So, OpenVPN Tunnel is a trusted tunnel to send and receive data [...]

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