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What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work
The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]
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Computer Networking Basics | February 10, 2017
Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]
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Essential Networking Skills for Job Seekers in IT industry | March 18, 2025
The Information Technology (IT) industry is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields in the modern job market. With continuous advancements in technology, businesses are always on the lookout for skilled IT professionals who can adapt to new trends, troubleshoot complex systems, and enhance cybersecurity measures. However, technical knowledge alone is not enough to secure a job in the IT industry. One of the most critical factors in landing a job and advancing in an IT career is [...]
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Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP | April 30, 2024
Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]
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How to Block WiFi Access although Password is Known | April 23, 2024
We usually get internet connection from any ISP and buy any WiFi Router and then configure wireless/AP with password and configure DHCP Server to get connection from own WiFi devices. We use these WiFi Routers/APs at home, office, workspace or any other public places. Usually, we get connected to our WiFi using our provided WiFi password. Initially there will be no problem to keep your network safe using password authentication. But day by day your password will be known by [...]
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WireGuard VPN Setup in MikroTik RouterOS7 with Windows OS | August 14, 2022
VPN (Virtual Private Network) is one of the most popular services in MikroTik RouterOS. A lot of VPN services (IPsec, EoIP, OpenVPN, PPTP, L2TP, IPIP etc.) are available in MikroTik RouterOS but in RouterOS7, a new VPN service named WireGuard has been introduced which is extremely simple yet first, secure and modern VPN. WireGuard uses cryptography to make it secure. In RouterOS7, WireGuard can be used either Client-Server (Road Warrior) VPN tunnel or site to site VPN tunnel. Using Client-Server [...]
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MikroTik Backup and Restore Configuration using Winbox | July 31, 2018
Backup and Restore feature in MikroTik Router helps to recover router configuration when running router fails to operation due to hardware failure. If you have a backup copy of your failed router and purchase a new MikroTik Router and then upload and restore that backup file, you will get your running network without any hassle. MikroTik Backup file is also useful when you unfortunately forget your admin privilege user password. You can easily recover your forgotten password with backup file [...]
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How to Clear Google Chrome History | August 20, 2015
Google Chrome is one of the most popular web browsers to online users. It provides a lot of features which help to use this browser smoothly and securely. Google Chrome history is one of the useful features in Google Chrome which helpfully caches or remembers a lot of browsing information specially username and password or login credential of your important web account when you visit various websites in internet. If you are the only user of your desktop or laptop, [...]
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How to Mount USB Device in CentOS 7 (NTFS and Linux FS) | February 18, 2019
USB Hard Disk Drive or USB Flash Drive (Pen drive) is a popular external device that can be used to backup data or transfer data from one device to other device. In GUI (Graphical User Interface) Operating System such as Window or GNOME Desktop in Linux can automatically mount USB device and can show data in it if the File System of that device is supported. But all users do not like or always do not have GUI mode of [...]
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How to Get Free SSL Certificate from ZeroSSL | June 13, 2020
SSL/TLS certificate is an essential part in today internet communication. Online communication cannot imagine without SSL/TLS certificate. SSL/TLS certificate makes online communication secure by encrypting data transmitted over public internet. So, most of the applications (Web, Email and VPN services) those transmit data over public internet use SSL/TLS certificate to secure communication. SSL/TLS certificate requires to be signed by Certificate Authority (CA). It is possible to create self-signed certificate with SSL certificate creation tools such as OpenSSL. Some router venders [...]
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