networking tutorials

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking |   October 14, 2025

    Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]

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    Essential Networking Skills for Job Seekers in IT industry |   March 18, 2025

    The Information Technology (IT) industry is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields in the modern job market. With continuous advancements in technology, businesses are always on the lookout for skilled IT professionals who can adapt to new trends, troubleshoot complex systems, and enhance cybersecurity measures. However, technical knowledge alone is not enough to secure a job in the IT industry. One of the most critical factors in landing a job and advancing in an IT career is [...]

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    Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP |   April 30, 2024

    Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]

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    MikroTik RADIUS Server Setup with User Manager – RouterOS7 |   August 4, 2022

    MikroTik User Manager RADIUS Server is an awesome service for user Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) for a small or medium business. User Manager RADIUS Server can be used to maintain Hotspot, PPP, DHCP, IPsec, Wireless and System User authentication.  In RouterOS 7, User Manager has come with new features and looking, specially, maintaining from Winbox. As User Mange package does not come with the default system package in RouterOS 7, we have to install User Manger package manually before [...]

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    MikroTik Winbox 4: New, Fast and Simple RouterOS GUI |   September 16, 2024

    MikroTik Winbox 4 is a new era of MikroTik network management. Winbox 4 is a new, fast and simple RouterOS GUI. Winbox 4 has a modern and intuitive Graphical User Interface which is preferred and loved by the MikroTik network engineer to manage RouterOS. MikroTik Winbox 4 is now available for download and can be download for Windows, Linux and macOS. Winbox 4 has new features which was absent in previous Winbox version. In this article, we will see how [...]

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    MikroTik Radius Configuration with FreeRADIUS and MySQL |   December 18, 2018

    FreeRADIUS is a modular RADIUS suite. A lot of modules such as Perl, python, MySQL etc. can be integrated with freeRADIUS to enrich freeRADIUS features. MySQL is one of the best user and client sources in freeRADIUS server. One of the important advantages of MySQL with freeRADIUS server is that MySQL can easily be controlled with a lot of programming languages including PHP. So, freeRADIUS users and their authentication, authorization and accounting can easily be controlled graphically using MySQL database [...]

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    How to Block MAC Address in MikroTik RouterOS 7 |   July 11, 2024

    MikroTik RouterOS 7 by default allows any MAC address to get internet connection through it. But we may need to block some MAC addresses sometimes. There are three methods to block MAC address in MikroTik RouterOS 7 – Blocking MAC Address using Bridge Filter Rule. Blocking MAC Address using Firewall Filter Rule and Blocking MAC Address from DHCP Lease. We can use any of these methods if we want to block MAC Address in MikroTik Router. In this article, we [...]

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    MikroTik Hardware Redundancy with VRRP |   October 8, 2018

    MikroTik VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) ensures high availability internet network. If any organization requires uninterrupted internet connection, MikroTik VRRP implementation will be a vital solution for them. MikroTik VRRP creates a virtual router accumulating two or more physical routers and ensures uninterrupted internet connection keeping activate one physical router always. That means, if any physical router fails to operate due to any hardware failure, MikroTik VRRP uses another backup router for internet gateway until the running router comes back [...]

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