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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP |   April 30, 2024

    Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]

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    How to Assign VMware ESXi License Key |   December 4, 2021

    No doubt VMware is the pioneer in virtualization world. VMware can be used either premium or free based on licensing. In the previous article, I discussed how to install VMware ESXi on a physical server or machine and then I also discussed how to get VMware ESXi free license from VMware website. Getting VMware ESXi license key either premium or free, we may sometimes get confused how to assign the license key in VMware ESXi host. So, in this article [...]

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    MikroTik IPIP Tunnel with IPsec (Site to Site VPN) |   March 18, 2018

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that provides a secure tunnel across a public network. A private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network using VPN Tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. MikroTik provides IPIP tunnel that is used to create a site to site VPN. IPIP tunnel is a simple protocol that encapsulates IP packets in IP to make a tunnel between two routers. To encapsulate [...]

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    MikroTik Site to Site SSTP VPN Setup with RouterOS Client |   May 14, 2020

    VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology provides a secure and encrypted tunnel across a public network. So, a private network user can send and receive data to any remote private network through VPN tunnel as if his/her network device was directly connected to that private network. Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) transports PPP tunnel over TLS channel. SSTP uses TLS channel over TCP port 443. So, SSTP VPN can virtually pass through all firewalls and proxy servers. Because of using TLS [...]

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    Hard Disk Partitioning in Windows 7, 8 & 10 |   August 26, 2015

    Windows is the most popular operating system in the world. Any computer user cannot go a single day without windows operating system. Even, I am writing this article on a windows operating system and you are also reading this article on any windows operating system, I think. Windows provides a lot of features or utilities for its user so that they can maintain their operating system so easily. Disk Management is such a built-in powerful utility in windows operating system which [...]

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    VMware ESXi 7.0 Installation and Basic Configuration |   December 1, 2020

    VMware vSphere is the pioneer in virtualization world. No other virtualization software is as feature rich as VMware vSphere. More than 500,000 enterprise data center are now using VMware vSphere. It is expected that most of the data center will be turned into virtualization in near future. As VMware vSphere provides more feature than any other virtualization software, it is also expected that demand of VMware vSphere will increase day by day. VMware ESXi is the foundation of VMware vSphere [...]

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    MikroTik Bandwidth and Resource Monitoring with Graphs |   January 31, 2018

    “Am I getting my committed bandwidth?” is a common question to any network administrator. This question may arise either from your customer or from your owner if you are an employee of any organization. If you feel boring hearing this question and want to establish a system where your customer will be able to inspect his bandwidth usage, MikroTik Graphing is your best friend. MikroTik Graphing can be used to display graphics for traffic which is passed through interfaces and [...]

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    7 Best WiFi Router Brands For Home Or Apartment |   September 18, 2021

    So, you are deciding to buy a WiFi Router for your home or apartment and finding which brand will be the best WiFi Router for your home. A lot of brands which manufacture WiFi Router for home usage are available nowadays in the market but all brands are not renowned and don’t provide best performance for home usage. So, before going to buy a WiFi Router, you should have better understanding about Best WiFi Router Brand that provides best WiFi [...]

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