networking tutorials

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  • What Are the 7 Layers of OSI Model and How Do They Work

    The OSI Model stands for Open Systems Interconnection Model, a conceptualized framework used to describe the seven layers of a telecommunication system or network. It was established as an international standard in the year 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization. This model helps visualize how networks operate and is still used today to figure out and solve network problems, such as by a web development company. In this article, we will talk about the 7 layers of the OSI Model and how each of them work. Layer 1 – Physical Layer The physical layer concerns the part of the model used for transmitting raw data bits (0s and 1s) across the network between sending and receiving devices. This can be through a physical cable or even a wireless connection between physical nodes. The physical layer can also represent voltages, frequencies, pin layouts, and other things. Any other physical devices part of this transmission, like hubs and modems, are also included. Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 etc. protocols work on Physical Layer. Layer 2 – Data Link Layer The data link layer is in charge of establishing or eliminating a connection between physical nodes that may be connected through a [...]

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    Computer Networking Basics |   February 10, 2017

    Computer networking is a buzzword to the present world. By the virtue of computer networking, the world has become just like a village. So, anyone of the world can communicate with any person of the world within seconds as if they are living in a village. Computer networking does not mean a single element. A lot of networking elements and protocol work behind a computer networking. So, the computer guys who are interested to learn how computer networking works should [...]

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    Unlocking Digital Opportunities: A Beginner’s Guide to Computer Networking |   October 14, 2025

    Summary Computer networking has created the digital world, enabling communication networks that unite various regions of the world and connect any device in some way or another. Networking provides new opportunities to secure employment, act as freelance workers, or even pursue volunteer work, which is why it is worth investing in for career development. Being practical should be valued even more than theory. Even after setting up a home lab, reviewing real projects, and consulting trusted sources, you will learn [...]

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    Essential Networking Skills for Job Seekers in IT industry |   March 18, 2025

    The Information Technology (IT) industry is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields in the modern job market. With continuous advancements in technology, businesses are always on the lookout for skilled IT professionals who can adapt to new trends, troubleshoot complex systems, and enhance cybersecurity measures. However, technical knowledge alone is not enough to secure a job in the IT industry. One of the most critical factors in landing a job and advancing in an IT career is [...]

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    Guest WiFi – How to Setup on MikroTik AP |   April 30, 2024

    Guest WiFi helps to keep your network safe and secure. Any sensitive wireless network should have a guest network. So, Guest WiFi is so essential for an office network. In a corporate office, guests or visitors frequently come and get connected to get internet for a few times. It is so much security issue to keep guest or visitor in the core network because among them someone can damage important network resources. So, to keep them isolated from the core [...]

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    FreeRADIUS User Profile Configuration for MikroTik Router |   January 10, 2019

    FreeRADIUS is a high performance RADIUS application that accepts a large number of network devices as RADIUS Client including MikroTik Router. FreeRADIUS MySQL module helps to get user authentication and authorization information from database server and to store user accounting information in database server. Configuring MySQL user group and profile properly, freeRADIUS user restriction can easily be maintained. How to configure user group to apply user limitation was discussed in my previous article. In this article, I will discuss how [...]

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    CentOS 8 Networking Configuration Using nmtui Tool |   December 14, 2020

    The first task after completing CentOS 8 fresh installation is to configure its networking so that it can be accessed from other network devices. In my previous article, I discussed how to install CentOS 8 Graphical User Interface (GNOME Desktop) with step by step screenshots. If you are a new CentOS 8 user and have not yet installed CentOS 8 on your server machine, feel free to follow that article and install CentOS 8 GNOME Desktop according to the article. [...]

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    MikroTik Hotspot Customization |   April 5, 2017

    Hotspot is one of the most popular services in MikroTik router. MikroTik Hotspot Gateway is a policy to authorize network clients before to access local network resources as well as public network resources through MikroTik router. In a Hotspot network, the user can login or authenticate using almost any web browser, so there is no need to install any additional software to client end. As Hotspot login prompt is a webpage, Hotspot service can effectively be used as an advertising medium of [...]

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    MikroTik RADIUS Server Setup with User Manager – RouterOS7 |   August 4, 2022

    MikroTik User Manager RADIUS Server is an awesome service for user Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) for a small or medium business. User Manager RADIUS Server can be used to maintain Hotspot, PPP, DHCP, IPsec, Wireless and System User authentication.  In RouterOS 7, User Manager has come with new features and looking, specially, maintaining from Winbox. As User Mange package does not come with the default system package in RouterOS 7, we have to install User Manger package manually before [...]

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    How to Create Gmail Account Successfully |   August 17, 2015

    Email is the heart of any business communication today. Not only enterprise companies but also our personal life’s activities are mostly depended on email. So, every person should have an email account today. There are many online companies (such as Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail) who are providing free email services for any online users. Among these online companies, Gmail is the most popular free email service by Google with 15 GB free storage facility. Gmail has huge features to maintain [...]

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